Last data update: Apr 29, 2024. (Total: 46658 publications since 2009)
Records 1-11 (of 11 Records) |
Query Trace: Davidson WB[original query] |
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How did the 2022 global mpox outbreak happen? A travel-associated case 6 months earlier may provide important clues
Kreuze MA , Minhaj FS , Duwell M , Gigante CM , Kim AM , Crum D , Perlmutter R , Rubin JH , Myers R , Lukula SL , Ravi-Caldwell N , Sockwell D , Chen TH , de Perio MA , Hughes CM , Davidson WB , Wilkins K , Baird N , Lowe D , Li Y , McCollum AM , Blythe D , Rao AK . Travel Med Infect Dis 2023 55 102618 Approximately 6 months before an unprecedented global mpox outbreak was first identified in the United Kingdom, an adult man was diagnosed with mpox in Maryland, USA [1]. At the time of the investigation, the case was only the eighth monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection diagnosed in a non-African country during the preceding 3 years, all of which were associated with recent travel to Nigeria [2]. One of these 8 imported cases occurred in Texas, USA four months earlier; that case exhibited features clinically consistent with those classically reported in Africa (i.e., large and diffuse lesions, high fever and prodromal symptoms, umbilicated lesions in the same stage of development on specific anatomic surfaces) [3]. In contrast, the Maryland case was milder in severity and had signs that, at the time, were considered unusual for mpox. Several aspects of the Maryland case are noteworthy and in retrospect may offer clues to the origins of the 2022 global mpox outbreak, as well as explain how mpox might have spread undetected before emerging as a global outbreak. |
A tale of two viruses: Coinfections of monkeypox and varicella zoster virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Hughes CM , Liu L , Davidson WB , Radford KW , Wilkins K , Monroe B , Metcalfe MG , Likafi T , Lushima RS , Kabamba J , Nguete B , Malekani J , Pukuta E , Karhemere S , Muyembe Tamfum JJ , Wemakoy EO , Reynolds MG , Schmid DS , McCollum AM . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 104 (2) 604-611 Recent enhanced monkeypox (MPX) surveillance in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where MPX is endemic, has uncovered multiple cases of MPX and varicella zoster virus (VZV) coinfections. The purpose of this study was to verify if coinfections occur and to characterize the clinical nature of these cases. Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory results were used to investigate MPX/VZV coinfections. A coinfection was defined as a patient with at least one Orthopoxvirus/MPX-positive sample and at least one VZV-positive sample within the same disease event. Between September 2009 and April 2014, 134 of the 1,107 (12.1%) suspected MPX cases were confirmed as MPX/VZV coinfections. Coinfections were more likely to report symptoms than VZV-alone cases and less likely than MPX-alone cases. Significantly higher lesion counts were observed for coinfection cases than for VZV-alone but less than MPX-alone cases. Discernible differences in symptom and rash severity were detected for coinfection cases compared with those with MPX or VZV alone. Findings indicate infection with both MPX and VZV could modulate infection severity. Collection of multiple lesion samples allows for the opportunity to detect coinfections. As this program continues, it will be important to continue these procedures to assess variations in the proportion of coinfected cases over time. |
The origins and genomic diversity of American Civil War Era smallpox vaccine strains.
Duggan AT , Klunk J , Porter AF , Dhody AN , Hicks R , Smith GL , Humphreys M , McCollum AM , Davidson WB , Wilkins K , Li Y , Burke A , Polasky H , Flanders L , Poinar D , Raphenya AR , Lau TTY , Alcock B , McArthur AG , Golding GB , Holmes EC , Poinar HN . Genome Biol 2020 21 (1) 175 Vaccination has transformed public health, most notably including the eradication of smallpox. Despite its profound historical importance, little is known of the origins and diversity of the viruses used in smallpox vaccination. Prior to the twentieth century, the method, source and origin of smallpox vaccinations remained unstandardised and opaque. We reconstruct and analyse viral vaccine genomes associated with smallpox vaccination from historical artefacts. Significantly, we recover viral molecules through non-destructive sampling of historical materials lacking signs of biological residues. We use the authenticated ancient genomes to reveal the evolutionary relationships of smallpox vaccination viruses within the poxviruses as a whole. |
Extensive orf infection in a toddler with associated id reaction
Haddock ES , Cheng CE , Bradley JS , Hsu CH , Zhao H , Davidson WB , Barrio VR . Pediatr Dermatol 2017 34 (6) e337-e340 Orf is a zoonotic parapoxvirus typically transmitted to humans by a bite from goats or sheep. We present an unusual case of multiple orf lesions on the fingers of a 13-month-old child who was bitten by a goat and subsequently developed progressive swelling, blistering, and necrotic papulonodules of the hand followed by an additional diffuse, pruritic, papular rash. A primary diagnosis of orf infection was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the diffuse eruption was clinically consistent with an id reaction. Extensive necrosis and papular id reaction associated with orf rarely have been described. |
Poxvirus viability and signatures in historical relics
McCollum AM , Li Y , Wilkins K , Karem KL , Davidson WB , Paddock CD , Reynolds MG , Damon IK . Emerg Infect Dis 2014 20 (2) 177-84 Although it has been >30 years since the eradication of smallpox, the unearthing of well-preserved tissue material in which the virus may reside has called into question the viability of variola virus decades or centuries after its original occurrence. Experimental data to address the long-term stability and viability of the virus are limited. There are several instances of well-preserved corpses and tissues that have been examined for poxvirus viability and viral DNA. These historical specimens cause concern for potential exposures, and each situation should be approached cautiously and independently with the available information. Nevertheless, these specimens provide information on the history of a major disease and vaccination against it. |
Novel poxvirus in big brown bats, northwestern United States
Emerson GL , Nordhausen R , Garner MM , Huckabee JR , Johnson S , Wohrle RD , Davidson WB , Wilkins K , Li Y , Doty JB , Gallardo-Romero NF , Metcalfe MG , Karem KL , Damon IK , Carroll DS . Emerg Infect Dis 2013 19 (6) 1002-4 A wildlife hospital and rehabilitation center in northwestern United States received several big brown bats with necrosuppurative osteomyelitis in multiple joints. Wing and joint tissues were positive by PCR for poxvirus. Thin-section electron microscopy showed poxvirus particles within A-type inclusions. Phylogenetic comparison supports establishment of a new genus of Poxviridae. |
Phylogenetic and ecologic perspectives of a monkeypox outbreak, southern Sudan, 2005.
Nakazawa Y , Emerson GL , Carroll DS , Zhao H , Li Y , Reynolds MG , Karem KL , Olson VA , Lash RR , Davidson WB , Smith SK , Levine RS , Regnery RL , Sammons SA , Frace MA , Mutasim EM , Karsani ME , Muntasir MO , Babiker AA , Opoka L , Chowdhary V , Damon IK . Emerg Infect Dis 2013 19 (2) 237-45 Identification of human monkeypox cases during 2005 in southern Sudan (now South Sudan) raised several questions about the natural history of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in Africa. The outbreak area, characterized by seasonally dry riverine grasslands, is not identified as environmentally suitable for MPXV transmission. We examined possible origins of this outbreak by performing phylogenetic analysis of genome sequences of MPXV isolates from the outbreak in Sudan and from differing localities. We also compared the environmental suitability of study localities for monkeypox transmission. Phylogenetically, the viruses isolated from Sudan outbreak specimens belong to a clade identified in the Congo Basin. This finding, added to the political instability of the area during the time of the outbreak, supports the hypothesis of importation by infected animals or humans entering Sudan from the Congo Basin, and person-to-person transmission of virus, rather than transmission of indigenous virus from infected animals to humans. |
The pox in the North American backyard: Volepox virus pathogenesis in California mice (Peromyscus californicus)
Gallardo-Romero NF , Drew CP , Weiss SL , Metcalfe MG , Nakazawa YJ , Smith SK , Emerson GL , Hutson CL , Salzer JS , Bartlett JH , Olson VA , Clemmons CJ , Davidson WB , Zaki SR , Karem KL , Damon IK , Carroll DS . PLoS One 2012 7 (8) e43881 Volepox virus (VPXV) was first isolated in 1985 from a hind foot scab of an otherwise healthy California vole (Microtus californicus). Subsequent surveys in San Mateo County, CA, revealed serological evidence suggesting that VPXV is endemic to this area, and a second viral isolate from a Pinyon mouse (Peromyscus truei) was collected in 1988. Since then, few studies have been conducted regarding the ecology, pathology, and pathogenicity of VPXV, and its prevalence and role as a potential zoonotic agent remain unknown. To increase our understanding of VPXV disease progression, we challenged 24 California mice (Peromyscus californicus) intranasally with 1.6x10(3) PFU of purified VPXV. By day five post infection (pi) we observed decreased activity level, conjunctivitis, ruffled hair, skin lesions, facial edema, and crusty noses. A mortality rate of 54% was noted by day eight pi. In addition, internal organ necrosis and hemorrhages were observed during necropsy of deceased or euthanized animals. Viral loads in tissues (brain, gonad, kidney, liver, lung, spleen, submandibular lymph node, and adrenal gland), bodily secretions (saliva, and tears), and excretions (urine, and/or feces) were evaluated and compared using real time-PCR and tissue culture. Viral loads measured as high as 2x10(9) PFU/mL in some organs. Our results suggest that VPXV can cause extreme morbidity and mortality within rodent populations sympatric with the known VPXV reservoirs. |
Analysis of variola and vaccinia neutralization assays for smallpox vaccines
Hughes CM , Newman FK , Davidson WB , Olson VA , Smith SK , Holman RC , Yan L , Frey SE , Belshe RB , Karem KL , Damon IK . Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 19 (7) 1116-8 Possible smallpox re-emergence drives research for third-generation vaccines that effectively neutralize variola virus. Comparison of neutralization assays using different substrates, variola and vaccinia (Dryvax and MVA), showed significantly different 90% neutralization titers; Dryvax underestimated while MVA overestimated variola neutralization. Third-generation vaccines may rely upon neutralization as a correlate of protection. |
Human monkeypox outbreak caused by novel virus belonging to Congo Basin clade, Sudan, 2005
Formenty P , Muntasir MO , Damon I , Chowdhary V , Opoka ML , Monimart C , Mutasim EM , Manuguerra JC , Davidson WB , Karem KL , Cabeza J , Wang S , Malik MR , Durand T , Khalid A , Rioton T , Kuong-Ruay A , Babiker AA , Karsani ME , Abdalla MS . Emerg Infect Dis 2010 16 (10) 1539-1545 To determine the outbreak source of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections in Unity State, Sudan, in November 2005, we conducted a retrospective investigation. MPXV was identified in a sub-Sahelian savannah environment. Three case notification categories were used: suspected, probable, and confirmed. Molecular, virologic, and serologic assays were used to test blood specimens, vesicular swabs, and crust specimens obtained from symptomatic and recovering persons. Ten laboratory-confirmed cases and 9 probable cases of MPXV were reported during September-December 2005; no deaths occurred. Human-to-human transmission up to 5 generations was described. Our investigation could not fully determine the source of the outbreak. Preliminary data indicate that the MPXV strain isolated during this outbreak was a novel virus belonging to the Congo Basin clade. Our results indicate that MPXV should be considered endemic to the wetland areas of Unity State. This finding will enhance understanding of the ecologic niche for this virus. |
Evaluation of smallpox vaccines using variola neutralization
Damon IK , Davidson WB , Hughes CM , Olson VA , Smith SK , Holman RC , Frey SE , Newman F , Belshe RB , Yan L , Karem K . J Gen Virol 2009 90 1962-6 The search for a 'third'-generation smallpox vaccine has resulted in the development and characterization of several vaccine candidates. A significant barrier to acceptance is the absence of challenge models showing induction of correlates of protective immunity against variola virus. In this light, virus neutralization provides one of few experimental methods to show specific 'in vitro' activity of vaccines against variola virus. Here, we provide characterization of the ability of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine to induce variola virus-neutralizing antibodies, and we provide comparison with the neutralization elicited by standard Dryvax vaccination. |
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